![]() As a cleaning agent, it is used to remove protein-based and fat deposits as well as oil and grease stains. Interestingly, it is also used for chemical peeling of vegetables and fruits, in cocoa processing and chocolate production, thickening of ice cream, production of soft drinks and colorings, as well as poultry scalding. At the same time sodium hydroxide has many commercial applications and is used in cleaning solutions, the food industry, and chemical pulping. It reacts with oxides, acidic oxides, and acids. Elemental sodium must be handled with care because it forms a hydroxide which is caustic. Coughing and sneezing are other side effects. When sodium reacts with water, fumes are formed that can cause throat, nose, eye, and skin irritation. It plays a role in chlorophyll synthesis and metabolism. Sodium is also important for plants and other species. ![]() Sodium deficiency, on the other hand, leads to muscle cramps and spasms, cognitive impairment, confusion, fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, and others. Foods with a high sodium content include bacon, salad dressings, pickles, cheese, salted nuts, and instant soups. However, excessive sodium intake can cause hypertension and kidney problems. Sodium is also important for proper nutrition and good muscle and nerve functioning. It is found in spring water, alkaline and salty lakes, and seawater. Sodium is found in nature in the form of salts such as sodium sulfate, nitrate, borate, carbonate, and chloride. Occurrence and Health and Environmental Effects One of its compounds, hydrogen carbonate is used to produce cleansers and soaps and in the leather and clothing industries. Sodium carbonate is used to purify water while its hydroxide reduces clogging. The element itself is used for different tests such as the sodium fusion test and Birch reduction, which was reported in 1944 by the Australian chemist Arthur Birch. Sodium carbonate is used to treat cottonseed, extrude clay, and form compounds such as zinc, aluminum, and iron(II) carbonate. It has other applications as well and is used in the cotton and brick industries. ![]() Sodium carbonate, for example, is an additive that is used as a stabilizer and raising and anti-caking agent. ![]() It is also used to produce sodium vapor lamps and soaps. The element is also added to alloys and used to process molten metals and to descal metals. It is also a biocide and preservative and inhibits the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Azide, for example, is used for inorganic and organic synthesis and to produce airplane escape chutes and car airbags. There are different commercial applications, but it is mostly used to produce triphenylphosphine, indigo, and sodium azide and borohydride. When reacting with ice, snow, and water, it forms hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. The element reacts with metallic halides, hydrogen, ammonia, and water. Sodium also forms organosodium compounds, solides, and electrides. There are three isotopes and different compounds such as carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, and halides. It is a good electrical conductor with a silvery color. This metal has a relatively low melting point and is reactive and soft. It occurs in sodium salts and minerals, including rock salt, sodalite, and feldspars. Sodium (atomic number 11, symbol Na) is a metal and a chemical element that was discovered in 1807 by the Cornish inventor and chemist Humphry Davy.
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